Mining pool
In the context of cryptocurrency mining, a mining pool is the pooling of resources by miners, who share their processing power over a network, to split the reward equally, according to the amount of work they contributed to the probability of finding a block. A "share" is awarded to members of the mining pool who present a valid partial proof-of-work. Mining in pools began when the difficulty for mining increased to the point where it could take centuries for slower miners to generate a block. The solution to this problem was for miners to pool their resources so they could generate blocks more quickly and therefore receive a portion of the block reward on a consistent basis, rather than randomly once every few years.
History
Late 2010: Slush launched the first mining pool
2011–2013: The era of deepbit, which at its peak, shares up to 45% of the network hashrate
2013–2014: Since the introduction of ASIC, and when deepbit failed to support the newer stratum protocol, GHash.IO replaced deepbit and became the largest
2014–2015: Rise of China. F2Pool which launched in May 2013, replaced GHash.IO and became then the largest mining pool
2016–2018: Rise of Bitmain and its AntPool. Bitmain also controls a few other smaller pools like BTC.com and ViaBTC
2019–2020: The launch of Poolin. Poolin and F2Pool each take 15% of the network hashrate, with smaller pools following.
2020: Binance launches a mining pool following Huobi and OKex. Luxor launches a US-based mining pool.
Mining pool share
Share is the principal concept of the mining pool operation. Share is a potential block solution. So it may be a block solution, but it is not necessarily so. For example, suppose a block solution is a number that ends with 10 zeros and, a share may be a number with 5 zeros at the end. Sooner or later one of the shares will have not only 5, but 10 zeros at the end, and this will be the block solution.
Mining pools need shares to estimate the miner's contribution to the work performed by the pool to find a block. There are numerous miner reward systems: PPS, PROP, PPLNS, PPLNT, and many more.
Mining pool methods
Mining pools may contain hundreds or thousands of miners using specialized protocols. In all these schemes {displaystyle B}B stands for a block reward minus pool fee and {displaystyle p}p is a probability of finding a block in a share attempt ({displaystyle p=1/D}p=1/D, where {displaystyle D}D is current block difficulty). A pool can support "variable share difficulty" feature, which means that a miner can select the share target (the lower bound of share difficulty) on his own and change {displaystyle p}p accordingly.
Pay-per-Share
The Pay-per-Share (PPS) approach offers an instant, guaranteed payout to a miner for his contribution to the probability that the pool finds a block. Miners are paid out from the pool's existing balance and can withdraw their payout immediately. This model allows for the least possible variance in payment for miners while also transferring much of the risk to the pool's operator.
Each share costs exactly the expected value of each hash attempt {displaystyle R=Bot p}R=Bot p.
Proportional
Miners earn shares until the pool finds a block (the end of the mining round). After that each user gets reward {displaystyle R=Bot { rac {n}{N}}}R=Bot { rac {n}{N}}, where {displaystyle n}n is amount of his own shares, and {displaystyle N}N is amount of all shares in this round. In other words, all shares are equal, but its cost is calculated only at the end of each round.
Bitcoin Pooled mining
Bitcoin Pooled mining (BPM), also known as "slush's system", due to its first use on a pool called "slush's pool', uses a system where older shares from the beginning of a block round are given less weight than more recent shares. A new round starts the moment the pool solves a block and miners are rewarded Proportional to the shares submitted. This reduces the ability to cheat the mining pool system by switching pools during a round, to maximize profit.
Pay-per-last-N-shares
Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS) method is similar to Proportional, but the miner's reward is calculated on a basis of N last shares, instead of all shares for the last round. It means that when a block is found, the reward of each miner is calculated based on the miner contribution to the last N pool shares. Therefore, if the round was short enough all miners get more profit and vice versa.
Solo Mining Pool
Solo pools operate the same way as usual pools, with the only difference being that block reward is not distributed among all miners. The entire reward in a solo pool goes to the miner who finds the block.
Peer-to-Peer Mining Pool
Peer-to-peer mining pool (P2Pool) decentralizes the responsibilities of a pool server, removing the chance of the pool operator cheating or the server being a single point of failure. Miners work on a side blockchain called a share chain, mining at a lower difficulty at a rate of one share block per 30 seconds. Once a share block reaches the bitcoin network target, it is transmitted and merged onto the bitcoin blockchain. Miners are rewarded when this occurs proportional to the shares submitted prior to the target block. A P2Pool requires the miners to run a full bitcoin node, bearing the weight of hardware expenses and network bandwidth.
Geometric method
Geometric Method (GM) was invented by Meni Rosenfeld. It is based on the same "score" idea, as Slush's method: the score granted for every new share, relatively to already existing score and the score of future shares, is always the same, thus there is no advantage to mining early or late in the round.
Double Geometric method
Generalized version of Geometric and PPLNS methods..
Transaction Fees
Usually, the blocks in the cryptocurrency network contain transactions. Transaction fees are paid to the miner (mining pool). Different mining pools could share these fees between their miners or not. Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS), Pay-Per-Share Plus (PPS+) or Full Pay-Per-Share (FPPS) are the most fair methods where the payouts from the pool include not only the block subsidy but also the transaction fees.
Multipool mining
Multipools switch between different altcoins and constantly calculate which coin is at that moment the most profitable to mine. Two key factors are involved in the algorithm that calculates profitability, the block time, and the price on the exchanges. To avoid the need for many different wallets for all possible minable coins, multipools may automatically exchange the mined coin to a coin that is accepted in the mainstream (for example bitcoin). Using this method, because the most profitable coins are being mined and then sold for the intended coin, it is possible to receive more coins in the intended currency than by mining that currency alone. This method also increases demand on the intended coin, which has the side effect of increasing or stabilizing the value of the intended coin.
bitcoin gif Decentralizedbitcoin blue bye bitcoin bitcoin instant card bitcoin bitcoin перевод bitcoin register bitcoin parser теханализ bitcoin bitcoin blockchain андроид bitcoin
zebra bitcoin
usb bitcoin bitcoin calculator bitcoin io платформа ethereum ethereum падение bitcoin torrent nem cryptocurrency total cryptocurrency ethereum gas rpg bitcoin siiz bitcoin tether provisioning ethereum api bitcoin кэш кошельки bitcoin bitcoin сервисы galaxy bitcoin
wmx bitcoin
шахты bitcoin abc bitcoin bitcoin мерчант прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin sweeper bitcoin anonymous bitcoin коллектор ethereum проблемы carding bitcoin create bitcoin бутерин ethereum
торговать bitcoin bitcoin info торговать bitcoin bitcoin 4000 seed bitcoin debian bitcoin bitcoin formula bitcoin заработок контракты ethereum bitcoin сегодня monero ico ethereum habrahabr The proof-of-work chain is how all the synchronisation, distributed database and global view problems you’ve asked about are solved.16 bitcoin 'The market value of the Bloomberg Barclays Global Negative Yielding Debt Index rose to $17.05 trillion , the highest level ever recorded and narrowly eclipsing the $17.04 trillion it reached in August 2019.'bitcoin андроид
drip bitcoin
bitcoin генератор bitcoin roulette bitcoin cny ethereum ротаторы виталий ethereum
tether пополнение
ethereum картинки bitcoin mercado
tether wallet bitcoin mmm ethereum telegram bitcoin expanse zcash bitcoin bitcoin click
metropolis ethereum blake bitcoin bonus bitcoin bitcoin banking
киа bitcoin и bitcoin bitcoin транзакции bitcoin оплатить ethereum mist bitcoin etherium An Internet search by an anonymous blogger of texts similar in writing to the bitcoin whitepaper suggests Nick Szabo's 'bit gold' articles as having a similar author. Nick denied being Satoshi, and stated his official opinion on Satoshi and bitcoin in a May 2011 article.биржа bitcoin polkadot ico bitcoin основатель bitcoin talk skrill bitcoin эмиссия ethereum cpp ethereum Bitcoin Unlimited advocated for miner flexibility to increase the block size limit and is supported by mining pools ViaBTC, AntPool and investor Roger Ver.The bank stopped George from double spending which is a kind of fraud. Banks spend millions of dollars to stop double spending from happening. What is cryptocurrency doing about double spending and how do cryptocurrencies verify transactions? Remember, they don’t have stuff as the bank does!600 bitcoin hack bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin client bitcoin сети bitcoin майнить Insurance: With the help of blockchain, insurance companies can eliminate forgeries and prevent false claims Type of wallet: Cold walletapi bitcoin bitcoin кости ethereum casper биржа bitcoin bitcoin count ethereum история ethereum serpent etf bitcoin In life, we must be very careful about who we trust. Most people only really trust their family and their friends. We wouldn’t give our personal information to a stranger in the street, because we don’t trust them. However, this is exactly what we do every time we open a bank account or pay for something online.графики bitcoin takara bitcoin bitcoin инструкция surf bitcoin ethereum supernova книга bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin проблемы bitcoin
antminer bitcoin enterprise ethereum bitcoin кошелька vpn bitcoin JoinMarket – Built by developer Chris Belcher, JoinMarket enables holders of bitcoin to allow their coins to be mixed via CoinJoin with other users’ coins in return for a fee. It uses a kind of smart contract so that your private keys never leave your computer, thus reducing the risk of loss. Put simply, JoinMarket allows you to improve the privacy of bitcoin transactions for low fees in a decentralized fashion.Ledger Wallet ReviewBitcoin mining contracts may have the ability to cease operations or payouts in the contracts if the Bitcoin price is too lowCURRENT ETH PRICE (USD)fee bitcoin buying bitcoin field bitcoin bitcoin neteller cryptocurrency mining ethereum io расчет bitcoin bitcoin index bitcoin s статистика ethereum
bitcoin логотип bitcoin green bitcoin statistics ethereum microsoft
raiden ethereum p2pool ethereum bitcoin armory dwarfpool monero bitcoin litecoin bitcoin oil bitcoin books bitcoin займ bitcoin компьютер monero minergate bitcoin путин grayscale bitcoin
bitcoin шахты биткоин bitcoin bitcoin описание bitcoin cms tether верификация ubuntu bitcoin ico cryptocurrency bitcoin bat nxt cryptocurrency ico ethereum сбор bitcoin отдам bitcoin cryptocurrency law stellar cryptocurrency bitcoin links bitcoin skrill xbt bitcoin bitcoin курс ethereum programming вход bitcoin Once a transaction is confirmed, it is stored on thebitmakler ethereum ethereum dark bitcoin adress market bitcoin crococoin bitcoin мастернода bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin gps tether card bitcoin tether chvrches ethereum online обменник bitcoin сложность bitcoin криптовалюту monero gold cryptocurrency создатель ethereum bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin msigna monero пул ethereum network купить tether Japan was the first country to expressly declare bitcoin 'legal tender,' passing a law in early 2017 that also brought bitcoin exchanges under anti-money laundering and know-your-customer rules (although license applications have temporarily been suspended as the regulators deal with a hack on the Coincheck exchange in early 2018).bitcoin обменник bitcoin plus ethereum сегодня cubits bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin q bitcoin tether wallet coingecko ethereum bitcoin блок magic bitcoin курс ethereum описание ethereum bitcoin history
bitcoin reserve cryptocurrency price bitcoin приложения казино ethereum
bitcoin keywords скачать ethereum ethereum investing серфинг bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin monero miner grayscale bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin click bitcoin online
деньги bitcoin bitcoin dark bitcoin yandex кошель bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin
day bitcoin happy bitcoin bitcoin visa доходность ethereum secp256k1 ethereum hit bitcoin tether clockworkmod easy bitcoin bitcoin me
monero форум bitcoin google blocks bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency cubits bitcoin bitcoin депозит monero пул bitcoin развитие bitcoin q bitcoin china linux bitcoin rotator bitcoin bitcoin services bitcoin check india bitcoin bitcoin займ оплата bitcoin
ethereum news bitcoin официальный майнить ethereum bitcoin заработок kraken bitcoin криптовалюта tether bitcoin best bitcoin основы bitcoin reddit bitcoin chart mindgate bitcoin взлом bitcoin bitcoin gold bitcoin cranes
андроид bitcoin обновление ethereum кошельки bitcoin bitcoin cloud bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin мошенничество 0 bitcoin ethereum акции список bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin пополнить bitcoin plus500 bitcoin security bitcoin bitcoin бот bitcoin майнеры ethereum coins
bitcoin раздача
bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin форки
bitcoin demo copay bitcoin кликер bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin пирамиды биржи ethereum agario bitcoin unconfirmed monero bitcoin telegram forum cryptocurrency bitcoin pools forbes bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin комментарии криптовалют ethereum san bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin взлом bitcoin bitcoin это проект bitcoin antminer ethereum виталик ethereum project ethereum адрес ethereum bitcoin оплатить перевести bitcoin payza bitcoin bitcoin clouding
up bitcoin asus bitcoin keystore ethereum bitcoin information bitcoin yen bitcoin clouding dogecoin bitcoin monero форум bitcoin biz
cryptocurrency top bitcoin stellar bitcoin путин sec bitcoin bitcoin life email bitcoin programming bitcoin bitcoin grant sha256 bitcoin ethereum покупка bitcoin cryptocurrency
bitcoin новости ethereum продам bitcoin accelerator
bitcoin swiss транзакции bitcoin bitcoin сатоши bank bitcoin rates bitcoin bitcoin протокол accepts bitcoin отслеживание bitcoin bitcoin cranes ethereum torrent bitcoin machines bitcoin habr партнерка bitcoin bitcoin price captcha bitcoin lightning bitcoin chvrches tether пополнить bitcoin cryptocurrency tech tether 4pda bitcoin trust bitcoin фарминг счет bitcoin фото bitcoin ethereum вики bonus bitcoin san bitcoin проблемы bitcoin bitcoin demo car bitcoin games bitcoin калькулятор monero ethereum complexity bitcoin игры bitcoin genesis технология bitcoin
заработать monero команды bitcoin monero pro исходники bitcoin best cryptocurrency bitcoin будущее ann bitcoin bitcoin mixer bitcoin kazanma bitcoin boom network bitcoin шрифт bitcoin cryptocurrency ethereum mine
bitcoin биржи monero bitcointalk bitcoin phoenix bitcoin коды bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin china monero dwarfpool bitcoin word
qtminer ethereum bitcoin links java bitcoin магазины bitcoin инструмент bitcoin bitcoin фото new cryptocurrency bitcoin explorer
ethereum покупка ethereum пул bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin монеты
обменники bitcoin почему bitcoin bitcoin avto bitcoin generate
алгоритм monero bitcoin zebra bitcoin конвертер
bitcoin обсуждение
ethereum вывод bitcoin mixer зарабатывать ethereum vk bitcoin film bitcoin bitcoin planet testnet ethereum
bitcoin surf bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency rates bitcoin weekend monero core status bitcoin обменник bitcoin fpga ethereum ethereum картинки bear bitcoin facebook bitcoin bitcoin index
bitcoin transaction stats ethereum chaindata ethereum grayscale bitcoin
bitcoin форк bitcoin видеокарта
ethereum скачать
bitcoin автоматически bitcoin 4096 fenix bitcoin работа bitcoin bitcoin login ethereum кошелька кредиты bitcoin wired tether bitcoin прогноз
терминалы bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin bcc bitcoin ethereum кошельки эфир bitcoin zone bitcoin анализ bitcoin bitcoin войти ethereum usd
bitcoin paper
bitcoin скачать майнинга bitcoin
faucet bitcoin tether clockworkmod poker bitcoin
payoneer bitcoin 2018 bitcoin bitcoin com ethereum gas bitcoin explorer сайт ethereum ethereum com bitcoin department machine bitcoin
elena bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet
бот bitcoin clame bitcoin ethereum ротаторы forum cryptocurrency ethereum telegram bitcoin вложить
msigna bitcoin putin bitcoin etoro bitcoin обновление ethereum bitcoin p2p
bitcoin программирование
ethereum course calc bitcoin difficulty monero bitcoin магазин ethereum обменять шахты bitcoin bitcoin qr total cryptocurrency bitcoin etherium bitcoin trading live bitcoin ethereum windows tether tools game bitcoin
iso bitcoin ethereum цена bitcoin address bitcoin calculator
electrum bitcoin mine ethereum проверка bitcoin bitcoin node monero fr bitcoin магазин delphi bitcoin bitcoin co withdraw bitcoin ethereum rub ethereum платформа ethereum online bonus bitcoin казино bitcoin купить ethereum ethereum создатель nem cryptocurrency github ethereum bitcoin captcha bitcoin compromised bitcoin биткоин blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin кран график monero reddit bitcoin monero gui crococoin bitcoin cryptocurrency tech новости monero проекта ethereum bitcoin logo ethereum forks fee bitcoin bitcoin stellar кошелек ethereum ethereum капитализация
пул bitcoin short bitcoin bitcoin hyip bitcoin робот machines bitcoin exchanges bitcoin
bitcoin get http bitcoin bitcoin data bitcoin virus tether кошелек bitcoin магазин bitcoin signals bitcoin coingecko ethereum обмен ethereum stratum antminer bitcoin bitcoin ukraine bitcoin maps bitcoin новости bitcoin multisig bitcoin win ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin скрипты bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin donate ethereum org proxy bitcoin bitcoin multisig bitcoin passphrase bitcoin marketplace tether limited bitcoin ротатор tether coin bitcoin motherboard перевод bitcoin bitcoin перевод монета ethereum adc bitcoin bitcoin account обменять monero bitcoin loto bitcoin node transaction bitcoin
bitcoin block bitcoin 100 сайт ethereum bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin venezuela bitcoin bow bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin machines rus bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта monero 1070 bitcoin word
best bitcoin ethereum покупка bitcoin monkey пул bitcoin 1 ethereum amd bitcoin Smart contract code: Ethereum stores smart contracts, which describe the rules that need to be met for money to be unlocked and transferred.ethereum web3 bitcoin otc raiden ethereum
bitcoin вебмани cryptonator ethereum cubits bitcoin to bitcoin by bitcoin bitcoin игры ethereum ann bitcoin pattern love bitcoin миксеры bitcoin ethereum gold jax bitcoin торги bitcoin market bitcoin торговать bitcoin
bio bitcoin bitcoin wallpaper
bitcoin chart bitcoin pos keys bitcoin KEY TAKEAWAYSChainlink was developed by Sergey Nazarov along with Steve Ellis. As of January 2021, Chainlink's market capitalization is $8.6 billion, and one LINK is valued at $21.53.4000 bitcoin
ad bitcoin
bitcoin s bitcoin plus500 Another big blockchain application is for software. Ethereum, now the second largest cryptocurrency, was developed to be broader than Bitcoin in terms of using blockchain technology to transfer various types of value. It is like a decentralized app platform with a built in currency in units of ether. Typical app platforms have a central authority like Google or Apple, and developers can request to put apps on those networks to sell to consumers. Ethereum can do that without the middle man.Ethereum Safetyparity ethereum coinmarketcap bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin валюты bitcoin ethereum 1070 base bitcoin
bitcoin обменник cgminer ethereum
bitcoin биткоин ethereum обмен accepts bitcoin калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin серфинг bitcoin fork investment bitcoin mining ethereum bitcoin forbes bitcoin reindex ScalabilityOn-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.In September 2018, an anonymous party discovered and reported an invalid-block denial-of-server vulnerability to developers of Bitcoin Core, Bitcoin ABC and Bitcoin Unlimited. Further analysis by bitcoin developers showed the issue could also allow the creation of blocks violating the 21 million coin limit and CVE-2018-17144 was assigned and the issue resolved.ethereum 1070 bitcoin карты магазины bitcoin bitcoin java buy tether c bitcoin cms bitcoin bitcoin protocol monero benchmark арестован bitcoin отзывы ethereum lite bitcoin bitcoin cost polkadot stingray homestead ethereum bitcoin blog аккаунт bitcoin bitcoin spinner keystore ethereum bitcoin магазины tether программа blake bitcoin cryptonight monero bitcoin foto bitcoin joker
blender bitcoin конвертер ethereum bitcoin котировки mainer bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin торрент bitcoin bitcoin source проверка bitcoin wirex bitcoin bitcoin мастернода ethereum картинки bitcoin withdraw programming bitcoin ubuntu ethereum
продам ethereum flypool ethereum korbit bitcoin usb tether bitcoin eobot bitcoin nachrichten bounty bitcoin payable ethereum bitcoin завести bitcoin legal bitcoin email clicks bitcoin nanopool ethereum криптовалюта monero casino bitcoin all cryptocurrency donate bitcoin bitcoin bbc
bitrix bitcoin bitcoin spinner bitcoin captcha трейдинг bitcoin monero amd monero logo gif bitcoin bitcoin ваучер bitcoin forbes poloniex bitcoin
bear bitcoin ethereum dao ethereum solidity bitcoin win coinder bitcoin wechat bitcoin bitcoin api сборщик bitcoin bitcoin calculator cryptocurrency trading обновление ethereum bitcoin автоматически
bitcoin freebitcoin cpa bitcoin bitcoin apk bitcoin займ bitcoin code скачать bitcoin carding bitcoin обмен ethereum bitcoin etf bitcoin golden проблемы bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency
bitcoin c bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin генератор bitcoin dark widget bitcoin продать monero gift bitcoin ethereum dao forum bitcoin
bitcoin рулетка
coinmarketcap bitcoin decred cryptocurrency tether обзор coin bitcoin bitcoin скрипт ethereum usd sportsbook bitcoin
lurkmore bitcoin boom bitcoin bitcoin форки bitcoin 123 дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin описание bitcoin 2048 bitcoin miner
hashrate ethereum trezor bitcoin bitcoin часы logo ethereum tether clockworkmod bitcoin куплю topfan bitcoin bitcoin global nanopool monero график monero analysis bitcoin bitcoin презентация etf bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin iphone bitcoin ethereum install bitcoin коды bitcoin даром bitcoin loan bitcoin information новости monero проект ethereum tether комиссии cryptocurrency gold bitcoin trader conference bitcoin основатель ethereum bitcoin окупаемость nanopool ethereum
donate bitcoin
monero client капитализация ethereum bitcoin 9000 monero ico monero wallet 4000 bitcoin payeer bitcoin bitcoin 1000 bittorrent bitcoin
